Aminoglycoside Antibiotic Resistance: A Systematic Review

In this review, we have aimed to cover the systematic study of aminoglycoside group antibiotics drug resistance with respect to different enzymes responsible for drug modification, and genetic traits involved in drug resistance. Aminoglycosides are powerful, broad-spectrum antibiotics that can cure infections that present a serious threat to life. Upon the seminal introduction of streptomycin in 1944, an array of pivotal medications such as kanamycin, gentamicin, and tobramycin subsequently emerged. This succession of compounds incontrovertibly affirmed the utility of this category of antibiotics in managing gram-negative bacterial infections. During the 1970s, the introduction of semi-synthetic aminoglycosides, including dibekacin, amikacin, and netilmicin, demonstrated the feasibility of developing therapeutics with diverse toxicological profiles and efficacy against strains displaying resistance mechanisms to earlier-generation aminoglycosides. However, since that time, the rate of novel aminoglycoside development has significantly reduced. Contrarily, after a period of intensive scientific and clinical research, we now see these medications considerably differently from how people did when they were initially presented to the clinic. Antibiotic aminoglycoside resistance has significantly impacted clinical practice. The difficulty of resistance was one of the first faced by aminoglycosides, despite their potent bactericidal efficacy. The enzymatic alteration of the antibiotic is the most frequent form of clinically significant resistance against these treatments. Consequently, enhanced comprehension of aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes and their interactions with antibiotics is essential to promote the development of superior inhibitors and innovative semi-synthetic aminoglycosides. These novel compounds should demonstrate increased potency and efficiency while remaining unaffected by modifying enzymes. The study concluded that Aminoglycoside antibiotics have demonstrated synergistic antibacterial effects when combined with other antibacterial agents, anti-inflammatory agents, analgesics, natural plant extracts, and various compounds. Combining antibiotics with additional medications is a key technique for combating bacterial resistance. It is anticipated that the prediction of old AGAs therapeutic targets and the examination of critical bacterial growth mechanisms will set the groundwork for the discovery of novel AGAs derivatives and drugs coupled with AGAs.